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Wharton Knowledge

Citi brings you intellectual capital from Wharton on finance, technology, leadership, public policy and social impact plus other topics important to our times.

wharton knowledge

Living to 100: How Will We Afford Longer Lives?

May 19, 2020

As more Americans live longer lives, innovative products based on public-private partnerships could help to finance them, according to experts at the 2020 Pension Research Council Symposium.

wharton knowledge

When Cash Is Tight, Should You Borrow from Retirement Savings?

April 14, 2020

Attractive as it might seem, tapping retirement savings is fraught with risks that need careful consideration, according to experts at Wharton. Those premature withdrawals will not just erode individuals’ retirement nest eggs: Those who lose their jobs after they withdraw from ...

wharton knowledge

Ten Guidelines for Creating Opportunities in a Time of Crisis

April 14, 2020

The truth is that every crisis, while deeply unsettling, also contains the seeds of opportunity. In this opinion piece, Yoram (Jerry) Wind, emeritus professor of marketing at Wharton, and Nitin Rakesh, CEO of Mphasis, an IT firm headquartered in Bangalore, India, discuss how to ...

wharton knowledge

What Contributes Most to Consumer Financial Distress?

April 9, 2020

Wharton real estate professor Benjamin Keys spoke with Knowledge@Wharton about research on what it means for policymakers who are trying to address the widening wealth gap in the United States.

Wharton Knowledge is designed to help our clients get financial, professional and thought leadership insights.

Important Information

The MSCI ACWI (All Country World Index) captures large and mid cap representation across 23 Developed Markets (DM) and 23 Emerging Markets (EM) countries. With 2,483 constituents, the index covers approximately 85% of the global investable equity opportunity set.

S&P 500 Index is an unmanaged, market value-weighted index of 500 stocks generally representative of the broad stock market. An investment cannot be made directly in a market index.

Dow Jones Industrial Average is a price-weighted index of the 30 “blue-chip” stocks and serves as a measure of the U.S. market, covering such diverse industries as financial services, technology, retail, entertainment and consumer goods. An investment cannot be made directly in a market index.

The Nasdaq composite index is a market-capitalization weighted index of more than 3,000 common equities listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange. The types of securities in the index include American depositary receipts, common stocks, real estate investment trusts (REITs) and tracking stocks.

The MSCI Europe Index captures large and mid-cap representation across 15 Developed Markets (DM) countries in Europe. With 444constituents, the index covers approximately 85% of the free float-adjusted market capitalization across the European Developed Markets equity universe.

The MSCI Japan Index is designed to measure the performance of the large and mid-cap segments of the Japanese market. With 320 constituents, the index covers approximately 85% of the free float-adjusted market capitalization in Japan.

The MSCI Emerging Markets Index reflects performance of large and mid-cap stocks in roughly 20 emerging markets.

The Citi World Broad Investment Grade Bond index is weighted by market capitalization and includes fixed rate Treasury, government sponsored, mortgage, asset backed, and investment grade (BBB–/Baa3) issues with a maturity of one year or longer and a minimum amount outstanding of $1 billion for Treasuries, $5 billion for mortgages, and $200 million for credit, asset-backed and government- sponsored issues.

The Citi U.S. Broad Investment-Grade Bond Index (USBIG) tracks the performance of US Dollar-denominated bonds issued in the US investment-grade bond market. Introduced in 1985, the index includes US Treasury, government sponsored, collateralized, and corporate debt providing a reliable representation of the US investment-grade bond market. Sub-indices are available in any combination of asset class, maturity, and rating.

The Euro Broad Investment-Grade Bond Index (EuroBIG) is a multi-asset benchmark for investment-grade, Euro-denominated fixed income bonds. Introduced in 1999, the EuroBIG includes government, government-sponsored, collateralized, and corporate debt. Sub- indices are available in any combination of asset class, maturity, and rating.

The Citi Emerging Market Sovereign Bond Index (ESBI) includes Brady bonds and US dollar-denominated emerging market sovereign debt issued in the global, Yankee and Eurodollar markets, excluding loans. It is composed of debt in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. We classify an emerging market as a sovereign with a maximum foreign debt rating of BBB+/Baa1 by S&P or Moody's. Defaulted issues are excluded.

The US High-Yield Market Index is a US Dollar-denominated index which measures the performance of high-yield debt issued by corporations domiciled in the US or Canada. Recognized as a broad measure of the North American high-yield market, the index includes cash-pay, deferred-interest securities, and debt issued under Rule 144A in unregistered form. Sub-indices are available in any combination of industry sector, maturity, and rating.

The Weekly Market Update report should not be considered a recommendation or research report. Nor should it be considered a solicitation, advice or a recommendation with respect to any investment strategy, asset allocation or particular investment. The Weekly Market Update is not intended to constitute “research,” as that term is defined by applicable regulations. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Citigroup Global Markets Inc. or its affiliates. All opinions are subject to change without notice. Neither the information provided nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security.

There may be additional risk associated with international investing, including foreign, economic, political, monetary and/or legal factors, changing currency exchange rates, foreign taxes, and differences in financial and accounting standards. These risks may be magnified in emerging markets. International investing may not be for everyone.

Bonds are affected by a number of risks, including fluctuations in interest rates, credit risk and prepayment risk. In general, as prevailing interest rates rise, fixed income securities prices will fall. Bonds face credit risk if a decline in an issuer's credit rating, or creditworthiness, causes a bond's price to decline. High yield bonds are subject to additional risks such as increased risk of default and greater volatility because of the lower credit quality of the issues. Finally, bonds can be subject to prepayment risk. When interest rates fall, an issuer may choose to borrow money at a lower interest rate, while paying off its previously issued bonds. As a consequence, underlying bonds will lose the interest payments from the investment and will be forced to reinvest in a market where prevailing interest rates are lower than when the initial investment was made.

The market and planning commentary on this site may discuss topics that are timely to current events at the time they were written or filmed. The relevance of such topics may change at future dates.

Investments are subject to market fluctuation, investment risk, and possible loss of principal.

Diversification and asset allocation do not protect against loss or guarantee a profit. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.

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The information set forth was obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but we do not guarantee its accuracy or completeness.

These strategies do not necessarily represent the experience of other clients, nor do they indicate future performance or success. Investment results may vary. The investment strategies presented are not appropriate for every investor. Individual clients should review with their advisor the terms and conditions and risk involved with specific products or services.

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